Helen Oyeyemi’s The Icarus Girl: Review Essay

An exotic country, magical beings, and a girl’s journey to find friendship is just a short insight into what The Icarus Girl by Helen Oyeyemi has to offer. As I read the story I discovered that there is a much deeper meaning than what is on the surface. My goal is to inform the reader about how I interpreted the story line and why I did so. I found that this novel presented a strong insight into other cultures, great character depth and an overall engaging story. Jessamy Harrison is a one of the most intriguing characters that I have ever confronted in a book. On the first day of my read Jessamy seemed like any other 8 year old. She was one of the types that is always curious but aren’t all 8 year olds curious. Jessamy or Jess for short would always be the one to ask questions. Jess could never pronounce a word right and was any average little kid. Jess being an eight year old made the story very relatable to me because I have at least three cousins at that age. While reading the book I did question why Helen Oyeyemi decided to put Jess at such a young age. The conclusion that I came to make about that question is that she wanted to keep Jess innocent. Through the entire book Jess does not completely understand what is happening around her. She shows her innocence in many occasions throughout this book. Jess does not like it when there is not a happy ending so she likes to change books. When her mother asked why she changes books Jess replied â€Å"Well it’s not a proper story if everyone is miserable.† (62). When she was asked what she wanted to be when she grows up she said she wanted to fly. She did not want to fly planes she just wanted to fly. Jess is a young girl but she is very troubled. When ever she gets into a tight situation she just screams. She always seems to be in the principal’s office. Jess really does not have any friends until she travels to Nigeria. While taking time off in Nigeria Jess meets a girl named Titiola. Jess at the age of eight it is difficult for her pronounce Titiola’s name. Eventually Jess gives up on trying to say her name and decides to call her TillyTilly. By chance the one girl Jess makes friends with has special powers. Jess cant explain it and does not ask questions. TillyTilly is very mysterious and we do not learn much about her until later into the story. I started to question why Jess never really questions how TillyTilly can do these magical acts. If magic were going on around me I would really wonder how it is happening. Later into the story Jess has to travel make to her home in England. Jess has to settle back into the groove of school. She said her goodbyes to TillyTilly but does not want to leave without her one friend. One day after school Jess turns around and there is TillyTilly. This is where I was extremely confused in this book. This girl was just in Nigeria and then just shows up in England. Jess does not even question how or why TillyTilly an eight-year-old girl travels 4200 miles. That sounded a little peculiar to me. That scene I have come to conclude was the reason for Helen Oyeyemi making Jess eight years old. A lonely eight year old does not question where a friend came from. All Jess knows is she was lonely and wanted a friend. Jess wants to bring TillyTilly to school to show her off but Tilly says no one can know about her. The next day Jess proceeds to school and gets into even more trouble than usual. Her parents tell her she has to attend therapy. TillyTilly was very hesitant of letting Jess go. She had to make sure no one found out about her. TillyTilly said, â€Å"He won’t help you, Jessy. There’ll only be trouble.† (127). When Jess goes to meet the doctor she meets his daughter Siobhan. Jess and her have much in common and they become real friends. This is Jess’ first friend other than TillyTilly. One day Jess became very ill and was stuck in bed. TillyTilly came to visit. This visit was not any other visit. Jess learned a very sad truth. TillyTilly told Jess that she had a twin sister named Fern that died at birth. Jess becomes very upset with her parents for not telling her. When she told her parents they were just wondering how she came to find out. She declines to tell them. Her parents know of TillyTilly but they have never actual met her. This was the climax of the whole story. Jess finds out a hidden past that she had no idea of until now. By now Jess has found out that TillyTilly is not a normal eight-year-old girl. TillyTilly always tries to have Jess’ back like a sister. She always says, â€Å"We should get her† (98). She means hurt that person because they have wronged Tilly or Jess. She shattered Jess’ mom’s computer and a mirror in the bathroom. She also pushed Jess’ friend down the stairs. That was when Jess finally figured out that TillyTilly was not as nice as she thought. TillyTilly would always get Jess into trouble. Earlier in the story the broke into an amusement park and they broke into Jess’ enemy’s house. Jess also has to take the blame for all of Tilly’s faults. Jess can never get smart and learn that TillyTilly is bad news. At the end of the book the whole family travels back to Nigeria to celebrate Jessamy’s ninth birthday. While she is there she starts to lose her faith in TillyTilly. Jess does not know if she can trust her. The next day, Jess starts to learn Yoruba the native language of her family. Everyone is excited for her and her grandfather wants to speak to her in Yoruba. For some odd reason Jess told him to leave her alone. He became very upset with her and her father and grandpa started a huge fight. The next day there was a huge tragedy. Jessamy was riding in the back seat of a car with no seat belt. They had a head on collision and she was knocked out. The story ends with Jess standing up to TillyTilly and Jess finally took control. In all honesty this was not a book I would have picked up on my own and started to read. It ended up being a real page-turner and I really enjoyed it. This book had some great insight into different cultures and how the cultures interacted. This book told a great story about how a girl even a little one at that can eventually overcome trouble. That is a lesson everyone can learn from. No one likes having his or her life run by someone else. It is best to live life with a positive outlook and hope for the best.

Magnetic Tape Essay

Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film. It was developed in Germany, based on magnetic wire recording. Devices that record and play back audio and video using magnetic tape are tape recorders and video tape recorders. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape is a tape drivOver years, magnetic tape can suffer from deterioration called sticky-shed syndrome. Caused by absorption of moisture into the binder of the tape, it can render the tape unusable. Merits: Capacity * One of the key advantages of magnetic tape is its capacity for holding data. Magnetic tape was the first medium able to hold a feature-length movie on a small, inexpensive device, thus enabling the home video market of the 1980s. In addition, compact cassettes can hold music on both sides, giving them a 90-minute total playing time, which is even greater than most CDs. Editing * Magnetic tape is also easy to edit using a traditional linear-editing system. This can involve duplicating a portion of a tape to a master reel, or physically cutting the tape and attaching the desired portions together with glue, splicing cement or adhesive tape. Editing in this manner requires no special computer equipment and may be less expensive and/or easier to learn than nonlinear digital editing. DEMERITS: Generation Loss * One of the disadvantages of magnetic tape is generation loss, which refers to the fact that each successive copy of a tape loses quality compared to the original. This can make it difficult to use magnetic tape for editing-intensive projects, or when extremely high fidelity is important. Digital media, on the other hand, can be copied and reproduced indefinitely with no visible or audible difference between the original and any of its copies. Durability * Another problem with magnetic tape is its tendency to stretch out over time, causing the quality of the data to deteriorate. On old video tapes, this generally appears in the form of poor audio, and picture data can eventually suffer as well. Over time magnetic tape acquires a layer of magnetic debris from recording and playback heads, which may need to be cleaned periodically to continue functioning. Mechanical Complexity * The mechanical complexity needed to use magnetic tape is another disadvantage of the medium. Items like cassette and VHS tapes include two separate reels, as well as a mechanism for exposing a small portion of the tape inside a player or recording device. Reel-to-reel tape players use multiple motors and moving parts, each of which is susceptible to mechanical failure. In the realm of digital media, flash-based memory uses no moving parts, thus eliminating this problem. Advantages and Disadvantages of a USB Flash Drive February 27, 2012 Advantages and disadvantages Advantages Compared to hard drives, flash drives use little power, have no fragile moving parts, and for most capacities are small and light. Data stored on flash drives is impervious to mechanical shock, magnetic fields, scratches and dust. These properties make them suitable for transporting data from place to place and keeping the data readily at hand. Flash drives also store data densely compared to many removable media. In mid-2009, 256 GB drives became available, with the ability to hold many times more data than a DVD or even a Blu-ray disc,[2] Most personal computers support USB as of 2010. Flash drives implement the USB mass storage device class so that most modern operating systems can read and write to them without installing device drivers. The flash drives present a simple block-structured logical unit to the host operating system, hiding the individual complex implementation details of the various underlying flash memory devices. The operating system can use any file system or block addressing scheme. Some computers can boot up from flash drives. Specially manufactured flash drives are available that have a tough rubber or metal casing designed to be waterproof and virtually â€Å"unbreakable†. These flash drives retain their memory after being submerged in water, and even through a machine wash. Leaving such a flash drive out to dry completely before allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems. Channel Five‘s Gadget Show cooked one of these flash drives with propane, froze it with dry ice, submerged it in various acidic liquids, ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. A company specializing in recovering lost data from computer drives managed to recover all the data on the drive.[42] All data on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed. Disadvantages Main article: Flash memory#Limitations Like all flash memory devices, flash drives can sustain only a limited number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails.[43][unreliable source?][44] This should be a consideration when using a flash drive to run application software or an operating system. To address this, as well as space limitations, some developers have produced special versions of operating systems (such as Linux in Live USB)[45] or commonplace applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) designed to run from flash drives. These are typically optimized for size and configured to place temporary or intermediate files in the computer’s main RAM rather than store them temporarily on the flash drive. Most USB flash drives no longer include a write-protect mechanism, although a small number have a switch on the housing of the drive itself to keep the host computer from writing or modifying data on the drive. Write-protection makes a device suitable for repairing virus-contaminated host computers without risk o f infecting the USB flash drive itself. A write-locked SD card in a USB flash card reader adapter is an effective way to avoid any writes on the flash medium. The SD card as a WORM device has an essentially unlimited life. A drawback to the small size is that they are easily misplaced, left behind, or otherwise lost. This is a particular problem if the data they contain are sensitive (see data security). As a consequence, some manufacturers have added encryption hardware to their drives—although software encryption systems which can be used in conjunction with any mass storage medium achieve the same thing. Most drives can be attached to keychains, necklaces and lanyards. The USB plug is usually fitted with a removable and easily lost protective cap, or is retractable. USB flash drives are more expensive per unit of storage than large hard drives, but are less expensive in capacities of a few tens of gigabytes as of 2011 Maximum available capacity is increasing with time, but is less than larger hard drives. This balance is changing, but the rate of change is slowing.. Most USB based flash technology integrates a printed circuit board with a metal tip which is simply soldered on. As a result the stress point is where the two pieces join. Some manufacturers quality control does not ensure a proper solder temp further weakening the stress point. Since many Flash Drives stick out from a users laptop or PC they are likely to be bumped repeatedly in their life time and may break at the stress point. Most of the time a break at the stress point results in permanent damage to the printed circuit board where the joint is torn from the circuit. However, some manufacturers produce discreet flash drives that do not stick out and others use a solid metal uni-body that has no easily discernible stress point.

Army Essays - Digital Technology, Internet, New Media, Free Essays

rmy ntroductionAll of my life I have been around technology. I have always strived to learn more about it and become more competent. I have been building and fixing computers for as long as I can remember. Its been my life to work with computers. I encounter new issues every day that I solve one way or another. Whenever someone has an issue with technology they come to me first, and Im always glad to help. Its what I do, I help people in the only way I can. However, in more recent times there has become an issue that really cant be solved by any one person. Its how the world is losing its privacy online. BodyPeople use the internet every day and night. Theres no stopping that, its what people have become accustomed to. Its a part of our culture now, something that is unchangeable. However, the internet brings to us more than just the information we want. It also sends the information they want about us. Its almost impossible to avoid it, it happens as soon as you start your browser. hey're watching you. Each time you view a Web page, enter an online contest, complete a Web site survey or purchase items they take note. Who are "they"? Often they are Internet Service Providers (ISPs),' marketers, and businesses.' These entities want information that will let them know who you are, what type of products you buy, when you are most likely to buy them, and why. By using your consumer profile, entities can determine how to effectively advertise to you and sell you ...

Love Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Love - Term Paper Example It wasn’t the love that I thought it would be. At that point I realized that they were talking about artistic love. The love that an artist holds for what he sees and feels like capturing the moment using his abilities, no matter how he does it. â€Å"It has been said that art is a tryst, for in the joy of it maker and beholder meet.† Kojiro Tomita. And at the same point I was forced to think of Eros as a materialistic lover. What if he loved what was on the outside and not on the inside. And there I thought of him as selfish. Because I feel that outer beauty has nothing to do with what is inside. It is just like loving a thing because it is a pleasure to the eye, a luxury and nothing more, just like love for materialistic things. â€Å"Contentment is natural wealth, luxury is artificial beauty.† Socrates. I read further then and when I read that Eros is neither a god nor a man, he is not mortal and neither immortal but a ‘half-way spirit’, one sugge stion came to my mind, ‘maybe he is an angel’. ... These were to define Eros. Eros as an angel must have loved something else entirely. And I realized I had got it all wrong. Reading further I found out the Eros was the son of gods of craft and poverty which must mean that he knew both the states of having everything you wanted and then losing everything you had. He must not have experienced the feelings in between and when I moved on further it was revealed. The writing showed exactly what I had thought. Eros was stuck in between ignorance and wisdom. And wisdom is to know better. Being the definition of love for beauty, at a personal level, Eros loved beauty too. In an entirely different way, he had love for wisdom, love for knowledge that would enable him to see things in a beautiful manner. â€Å"The cave you fear to enter holds the treasures you seek.† Joseph Campbell. Moving forward, the text was defining Eros as we like to use it. Eros or love can be on two different levels, spiritual love or physical love. The images I had in mind when reading this were really different from each other. The first one held a bright light to it, hard to tell of what but maybe of spirituality, of connecting or dedicating yourself to the higher powers. The second one gave me an image of affection; two people, loving each other, holding each other in their arms. And the text mentioned that physical love resulted as mortal children and at that point I got to thinking that spiritual love is not only the love for higher powers or amidst. What do we call the love we hold for elders, our parents or siblings? And the text made me realize that such love was also a form of spiritual love. â€Å"Darkness cannot drive out darkness only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate only love can do that.† Martin

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Compare and contrast - Essay Example Matt Dusk is a 24 year old who has made a smashing start in the music industry because of his unique voice and a strange passion for classics. He adds his own inimitable style in his songs which engrosses and attracts the listeners. His passion for music and the way in which he combines different eras of Jazz to form an exclusive and distinctive epoch can be seen in his striking and spectacular debut album â€Å"two shots†. Kevin Mahogany, on the other started his career by creating two bands â€Å"Mahogany† and â€Å"Appolos†. These groups allowed Kevin to build up a huge fan following for himself in Kansas City. While working with these groups Kevin also kept on building his own style by studying the art forms of different artists. He released his debut album â€Å"Double Rainbow" which was a super hit and it was like a dream come true for an artist and it was a great success. Matt dusk is a crooner jazz singer and a stage performer who can make you dance and who gives a new touch to classics and Kevin Mahogany on the other hand is a singer who can bring out every single degree of sentiments from you. He puts his heart and soul in his songs and he certainly makes them sensational and sentimental. I would here analyze the song â€Å"good news† by Matt dusk which has an approximate length of three minutes and the style used in this song is crooner Jazz. Matt has added his own style in this song and has made it amazing. Unlike other crooner jazz vocalists matt always experiments something new with his songs which captivates the minds of the listeners and take them to a journey of a unique and trendy music style. â€Å"Good news† is a song which can make one feel cherished and contented. Matt is a performer with an outstanding voice and ability to refresh people and make them pleased. On the other hand if you take a look at the song â€Å"don’t let me lonely tonight† by Kevin Mahogany which appears on his album â€Å"my romance†- it is

Columbia Space Shuttle Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Columbia Space Shuttle - Case Study Example A completed checklist of parts and function should have been confirmed and reconfirmed by the experts to get a 101% assurance of perfection before set off. There should be ‘no rock left unturned’. Otherwise, there should be no room or space for ambiguity because everything can be calculated closest to precision considering previous projects of similar nature and the perspectives gained by the organizational manpower. In reality, the tragedy should not have happened. Gross negligence is a real management problem and not simple ambiguity. This is because this is a scientific undertaking which follows protocol scientific pattern of doing things. An extensive laboratory test is usually conducted on all materials prior to its employment. Thus, ambiguity cannot be taken as a justification for the tragedy. Though some experts may suppose probable defects on human ability to recognize some extents of risk (Roberto et al, 2006), scientific undertakings like materials for spacecra ft capability to withstand the forces of nature are common engineering prowess. Otherwise, the crew must have been aware of the risk knowing that their mechanics were not perfect and that materials were not perfected accordingly.Conclusion The Columbia space shuttle mishap was the result of gross negligence on scientific pattern protocols. Ambiguities should not have been tolerated considering the extent of a laboratory test on materials before its use, and management should have been firm and through considering the scientific nature of the project.

The film one flew over the Cuckoo's Nest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The film one flew over the Cuckoo's Nest - Essay Example During the first electro-shock therapy he was told the procedure would not be painful, but was not given a choice with regards to the therapy. Eventually he was lobotomized again without consent because he was a danger. The film makes one ask if it is wrong to forcibly give medication and electro-shock therapy with a keen understanding in the end that it is wrong. It is wrong on a basic level in that it violates human rights. Society believes there are inalienable and fundamental rights that cannot be overstepped because they are either natural or legal rights. In philosophy there is also the concept of human rights, which are considered universal and egalitarian. Forcing medications or electro-shock therapy on patients goes against these rights even if the patients may need help because the patient is not given a voice in the matter. It cannot be denied that some individuals may not understand what is being asked, but there are laws to protect an individual who is unable to speak for themselves. In this instance a guardian, not the mental institution staff, with their best interests in mind would be given the choice in determining medication. By forcing a person to undergo treatment without consen t, it becomes an abuse of power and control rather than actually helping the individual to overcome any issues they

Managing organizational change (MBA course) Essay

Managing organizational change (MBA course) - Essay Example Sandoz was a profit making company that had transparent and defined marketing strategies with a number of products, employing fewer people (69 employees); whereas CG, a loss making company (129 employees) was a laid back attitude and heavily dependant on sale of one product Voltaren, that had generic substitutes, and the marketing was based on giving heavy discounts to achieve quarterly targets. These opposite cultures clashed with the merger. The result was that, feeling strangled, the Sandoz staff left the company through a golden handshake and the CG culture prevailed over NT. The lethargies of CG became the norm resulting in plummeting sales and mounting losses. Under Thai regulations the merger meant merger of Sandoz into CG thereby creating a new entity called NT. This led to the exodus to the Sandoz staff, and the CG culture and practices prevailed. The remaining Sandoz staff were unable to accept this practice and all but 12 left the company, after bitterly criticizing the CG ways and matters deteriorated with the new NT manager also leaving in early 1997. NT was rudderless and without objectives and goals. Fritz the new manager appointed to check and reverse the ills of NT was sent to Thailand in 1998, two years after the merger, with a mandate to raise market share and to improve management effectiveness across the organization. His clear mandate required him to turnaround the company and he handled it initially with the motive of streamlining the operations by first defining the team and team roles. He wanted to establish a hierarchy of reporting that looked like a cobweb with cross reporting resulting in loss of communications. He also found many malpractices that were either a result of corruption in the culture of the company or simply cover-ups for showing improved but false sales performances. He quickly made a situation analysis and identified

The Color Purple Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Color Purple - Annotated Bibliography Example The paper has been useful in understanding theological aspects of life and how people are confused between being loyal to God and taking actions to free themselves from the bondage. The information there in was very reliable and followed practical problems that bedevil many women. The presentation in the book is in particular important in my quest to understand the theology and how people may misunderstand praising God. The book has been very resourceful in the research about theology of believing and acting toward our own wellness. The novel has been helpful in new understanding of God This book is very explorative in world of theology and based on the female gender. It tries to explain how women are very religious especially when it comes to problems in their matrimonial homes. It compares women in two receiving ends of life: those who were happy in life and those in troubles. The two groups were then critically analyzed in the way they believe in God. In the assessment and evaluation of the book, it proved to be very resourceful to those with interest in theological aspects. Comparing with other sources in my research the book had an edge over the other because it made a comparative and with clear understanding. The information was very reliable and explorative with no biased in the group that were discussed. The goal of this book was to show that mostly people are drawn closer to God because of problem. The book was relevant in reserch work that involves theology of trusting in God. It fit perfectly well in those with interest in understanding way the poor and those who are in troubles end up being over religious This book explains sources of religious inspiration most of people. It explain why some people embrace nature and believe it to have powers to solves there problems while others believe in God in the heaven. In book, the two groups are depicted as having satisfaction in what

Walt Disney Cartoons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Walt Disney Cartoons - Essay Example The heroines are empowered in their actions, and idealized beauty is affirmed by their dressing. In this light, the texts form part of the popular discourse of femininity which encourages women to internalize gendered body norms. Women want to expose themselves in order to achieve the feminine character contained in the movies. These body styles are privileged since they adhere to the contemporary norms of feminism contained in the films. The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast introduce oppressive power structures which produce the desires claimed in the movies. In The Little Mermaid, the girls are constantly posing and preening themselves, and their main function is to entertain the king. This can be considered an oppressive and objectifying presentation of women (Baker and Raney, 2007). The male characters are presented in a possessive form in these movies. In The Little Mermaid, King Triton is portrayed as portrayed as an authority figure that has to be entertained by the gir ls through song and dance. Ariel is chastised and forbidden to make outside contracts by the king. Triton acts as a patriarchic figure and has confined Ariel from her aspirations. Gaston tells Belle that women should be banned from reading or having ideas (Budd, 2005). Gaston consider Belle an accessory that he should have and does not chase her out of love. The heroines are dominated by the male figures portraying their qualities of authenticity and self-determination. The male characters have objectifying gazes of sexual desires towards the heroines. These characters portray female characters as dependent people dominated by the male figures in the society (Budd, 2005). Female figures in the cartoons such as Ariel pose with... Cartoons and animated movies have taken the center stage in the current entertainment industry. Children and teens spend much of their time watching these movies and are likely to develop negative traits and attitudes due to the message contained in them. Sexism is evident in the way women and girls are portrayed. Cartoon creators portray women as unhappy and have to seek the right man in order to find happiness. Their dressing is usually scanty exposing significant amount of skin. The homosexuals are secluded and experience violence and hostility from other characters. This has a negative impact on homosexuals in the society watching these cartoons and other children develop negative attitudes towards homosexuals. Walt Disney has existed in the entertainment industry since the 1930s and has produced several animated cartoon movies. These movies are based on the activities evident in the society. The female characters are presented as sexist by dressing them scantily in order to expose their bodies. They are given less important roles in the movies than their male counterparts. Their presentation in these movies portrays them as sexual objects that have to depend on men. Male characters are given administrative roles and work in the cities while women perform household duties. Whites are usually given good traits and are at the highest point in the social structure. Minorities such as African Americans and Arabs have negative traits and participate in activities that are cruel or inhuman. Homophobia exists where homosexual characters have negative roles and have leadership inabilities. Therefore, Disney cartoons can classified as racist, sexist and homophobic.

Contribution and Marginal Costing Essay Example for Free

Contribution and Marginal Costing Essay This is an important business concept and must never be confused with profit. The contribution of a product refers to how much it contributes to the fixed costs and profit of the business once variable costs have been covered. It can be calculated either per unit of output or in terms of total contribution of all units produced. Contribution ignores fixed costs and only considers any surplus left once variable costs have been subtracted from revenue. Hence, contribution is what a product contributes towards the fixed costs of the business and, once these are paid, the profits of the business. Managers need to know, as accurately as possible, the cost of each product or service produced by the firm. One reason for this is the need to make a pricing decision. In fact, buyers of many products will want an estimated price or a quotation before they agree to purchase. Managers may also need to decide whether production should be stopped, stepped up or switched to new methods or new materials. Managers also need to compare actual product costs with original budgets and to compare the current period with past time periods. In calculating the cost of a product, both direct labor and direct materials are often easy to identify and allocate to each product. For instance, the materials used in making product X are allocated directly to the cost of that product. These are not the only costs involved. Overheads, or indirect costs, cannot be allocated directly to each product but must be ‘shared’ between all of the items produced by a business. There is more than one costing method that can be used to apportion these costs and, therefore, there may be more than one answer to the question: ‘How much does a product cost to produce?’ contribution costing method that only allocates direct costs to cost/profit centers not overhead costs. This approach to costing solves the problem of how to apportion or divide overhead costs between products – it does not apportion them at all. Instead, the method concentrates on two very important accounting concepts: †¢Marginal cost is the cost of producing an extra unit. This extra cost will clearly be a variable direct cost. For example, if the total cost of producing 100 units is $400 000 and the total cost of producing 101 units is $400 050, the marginal cost is $50. †¢The contribution to fixed costs and profit. This is the revenue gained from selling a product less its variable direct costs. This is not the same as profit, which can only be calculated after overheads have also been deducted. For example, if that 101st unit with a variable (marginal) cost of $50 is sold for $70, it has made a contribution towards fixed costs of $20. The unit contribution is found as the difference between the sale price ($70) and the extra variable cost ($50), that is $20.

James Randolf in China Essay Example for Free

James Randolf in China Essay I. Overview The case focuses on James Randolf, a first-time expatriate manager from Controls Inc. He is sent abroad to help establish a joint venture (VC) with a Chinese subsidiary of the firm. Controls is a Chicago-based company which specializes in design of production of temperature control and filtration systems. Controls has already established operations in various parts of the world – Europe, Asia and South America. By investing in China, they are exploring the untapped Asian market, a key market with potential customers. Chong Ming Electro-Assembly is the company they are negotiating with in Shanghai. Despite the previous expansions of the US firm, the management has no experience working with Chinese firms before and they made a number of managerial mistakes that I am going to cover in this paper. But what the company did, was to negotiate an agreement with Chongming to jointly run a manufacturing plant on Chongming Dao island, north of Shangai. Controls sent James Randolf to co-manage the facility. J. Randolf was 51 years old at the time and had work in managerial positions in Engineering, Quality and Customer Support for 15 years. But what made him a perfect candidate for the position was that his wife was born in Shanghai. That made him the most culturally empathetic to his co-workers in the new facility. II. Preparation Prior to being sent to China, Randolf underwent an orientation training. There, points about his duties, obligations and assignments were discussed. The matter of payment was also settled, while his new position provided him with benefits such as convenient moving arrangements. Randolf then proceeded to visit the plant in Shanghai where he would be working for the next 3 years of his contract. Having committed to the assignment, he then received a supplemental orientation course which lasted 2 days. In this course he was supposed to become accustomed to the cultural differences of Chinese workers, to exchange information with other co-expatriates. All this supplemented with language learnings. Randolf then went on to work in the new facility for 13 months after which he was recalled to the home office by phone.

Differences Between Personnel Management And Human Resource Management Essay

Differences Between Personnel Management And Human Resource Management Essay Nowadays, we can see some changes that we all have experienced in social, political, economic and technological aspects in depth especially to the style and management regime of their goals that a company must make to achieve maximum impact of the rapid changes in the industry. In our research paper we are concentrating on researching about the comparison between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management, it is related to the phrase the same wine, only different bottles. In this topic, we will try to clearly explain what is meant by the term Human Resource Management (HRM) and Personnel Management (PM), and clarify the differences and similarities between the both of them. Our research begins with some differences and similarities of Personnel Management and Human Resource Management according to some references from the internet and books to apply to the phrase the same wine, only different bottles . Besides that, we will give our argument in favor to one of the approach to managing employees. In our argument we believe that Human Resource Management will be preferred to managing employees and we will give some our idea of Human Resource Management to help us in the future . We also have some examples to prove and demonstrate own opinions regarding our topic. Finally, we will have a conclusion summarize our research. Differences Personnel Management and Human Resource Management As we all know nowadays, management is very important in hospitality industry as well as the other industries. According to our research, we can find some differences between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management. We highlighted some of the differences for example, Human Resource Management create a more flexible condition whilst Personnel Management establishes rules and regulations. (Blurtit, 2007-2010), (Storey, 1995) First of all, Personnel Management is a combination of a traditional routine, and it can also include reporting to administrative job as well as it is applied to support managers, while Human Resource Management does not only focus in the importance of employees, but also about the importance of obtaining continuous benefits for organizations management team. (Blurtit, 2007-2010), (Storey, 1995) According to the theory of Human Resource Management in planning perspective, it was also said that Personnel Management can be described as a reactive and it provides response to demands and concerns in a management, another way is a psychological contract which needs compliance from managers. For Personnel Management however, it includes procedures, consistency and audit, which mean that Personnel Management will usually need to take a look and let the employees know their responsibilities of the team or department, and they will also need to think about the emotions of their employees for example, how can they do or what are they thinking about their job. With Human Resource Management actions include to set up and organize needs, flexibilities and commitments, which are related to the strategies for managers and the development organizations of their team, it is proactive and long, and it is related to continuous development policies with purposes of improving to manpower. (Blurt it, 2007-2010), (Storey, 1995) Now we move to control system of both of Personnel Management and Human Resource Management. In theory, Personnel Management has external control which they usually find some help from other function instead of dealing with it by themselves. By contrast, Human Resource Management is self control, which means for example, when a company has a problem they will be able to solve it by themselves and they do not need any support from the other departments or other teams. (Blurtit, 2007-2010), (Storey, 1995) The relationship between management and employees under Personnel Management rather than monitoring and control, because Personnel Management are like pluralist so they need to do a lot of different functions and normally Personnel Management have some difference in space amongst their employees for example, Personnel Management have some divide class with employee, sometime they think that their employees are not good enough to solve problems so they will contact the management instead of their employees and that is why there will be low trust from their employees. With Human Resource Management, they normally care about the benefits of an establishment so they tend to always to listen their employees and they also care about improving the problem of employee satisfaction, interest in working groups and effective for employee job, active participation, evaluation and reward policies and training cost for example, how can the employees control the work, so this is why we think that H uman Resource Management is individual and has high trust from their employees. (Storey, 1995), (Blurtit, 2007-2010) Personnel Management prefers a structure that is bureaucratic, which means that it always follows any decisions and they normally think they are always true so they are said to be a defined role in their job and Human Resource Management is a more organic and flexible role because Human Resource Management creates a good team work and they can help employees feel comfortable in their work, as we mentioned before Human Resource Management is a very flexible role because if their employees are not good for working, they can help send their employees for training to elevate their talent, for example. Human Resource Management is more individualistic. (Blurtit, 2007-2010), (Storey, 1995) These are some major differences between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management as we have researched and explained before. Here is a summary of some main points according to what we have researched from Guest (1987) identifies the differences as: Long-term rather than short term Psychological commitment rather than compliance Self control rather than external control Unitarian rather than pluralist Organic rather than bureaucratic Integration rather than specialist The Similarities of Personnel Management and Human Resource Management Human Resource Management is defined as an administrative activity that relates with human resources planning, recruitment, selection, orientation, training, appraisal, motivation, providing benefits and incentives, etc. Human Resource Management aims at developing people through work. (Businessdictionary.com, 2010) Although so, there have been many attempts to define what exactly Human Resource Management might be and as stated by Heery and Noon (2001): It has been recognized that Human Resource Management is a subject of considerable academic analysis and that, ultimately, there is no common agreement on what Human Resource Management actually means. (Heery Noon, 2001, p.161) According to Heery and Noon, there are a few definitions which they feel capture the complication and dynamism of Human Resource Management: It is seen as simply being another name for personnel management and there is nothing different or special about it. A convenient shorthand term that allows for the assemblage of a whole series of sub-disciplines that are mostly concerned with people management: such as employee relations, labour relations, personnel management and organizational behavior. Used as a map to help guide to understand the concept and ideas associated with the management of people. Set of professional practices suggests that there are a range of personnel practices that can be integrated to ensure a professional approach to managing people. A method of ensuring internal fit again sees the need to co-ordinate approaches to people management, also with other areas of the organization. A method of ensuring external fit where the activities have to be fully integrated with the demands of the external environment. A competitive advantage where by an organization can gain competitive advantage, a view best captured by the clichà © of our people are our greatest asset. A market-driven approach is that decisions will often be market driven and the needs of the business determine the manner in which employees are treated. Manipulative device sees it as inherently exploitative and manipulative. (Heery Noon, 2001) However, Personnel Management is defined as an administrative discipline of hiring and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the organization. Personnel management includes conducting job analysis, planning personnel needs, recruitment, selection, orienting, training, managing wages and salaries, providing benefits and incentives, appraising performances, resolving disputes and communicating with all employees at all levels. (businessdictionary.com, 2010) There is not much of a difference between the two as it was said that the newer alternative term Human Resource Management has been used rather than Personnel Management, reflecting the increased importance of this function in labor-intensive, service-sector industries. Here are the similarities between Human Resource Management and Personnel Management: Planning employees needs In charge of the recruitment and the selection of staff In charge of the orientation and training of staff Manage employees wages and salaries Assess employees (appraisal) Motivate and have constantly communication with employees Provide benefits and incentives for employees In addition, according to Armstrong (1992) there are similarities between the Human Resource Management and Personnel Management that has been summarized below: Both of their strategies result from the business strategy Both need line managers in order to manage people One of their basic process is to put the right people into the right jobs Both they use almost the same techniques such as rewarding, training, appraisal, etc. Personnel Management prefers the soft version of Human Resource Management which stresses the significance of constant communication with the employees as well as respect for the individual. (Armstrong, 2000) The same wine, only different bottles In this case, we agree that both Human Resource Management and Personnel Management are the same wine, only different bottles. This means that it is just the names that are different, but the job descriptions and objectives are the practically the same. It is just stated that the Human Resource Management has a broader scope compared to Personnel Management yet what they do are basically the same, managing people. As stated above, both of their strategies result from the business strategy, both need line managers in order to manage their people in their organization, put the right people into the right jobs, manage their employees wages and salaries, they use almost the same techniques such as motivating, orienting, training, appraisal, etc. of their staff, as well as providing benefits and incentives for employees. (N. Madison, 2003-2010) Human Resource Management is Preferred for Managing Employees From the differences and similarities stated above, we strongly believe that Human Resource Management is the first-rate choice and that it should also be the favourable management for managing employees in every organization. Reasons are as follows: Human Resource Management is the most effective way of managing people Human Resource Management is ideal in hiring the right people for the right positions in the organization Any problems or complications that occur in an organization, the Human Resource Management are the ones to turn to, to simplify them Human  Resource Management involves ongoing strategies to manage and develop an organizations workforce Human Resource Management is proactive as constant improvement of functions and policies is important for the development of employees Employees of an organizations managers of all levels often involve themselves and their main goal is to have managers from a range of departments to develop the essential skills to handle  every staff-related task Having  Human  Resource Management in an organization, primary motivators like work groups, strategies for meeting challenges and job creativity are perceived Human resource management does not only focus in the importance of employees, but also about the importance of obtaining continuous benefits for organizations management team Finally we have summarized a few points of Human Resource Management to help us in the future. They are as follows: People are the most important assets that a business has. The success of the enterprise depends on the effectiveness of the people management of you-including the management of myself, managing employees, customers, suppliers and lenders as how? Supply management, work environment you provide for your employees and how to communicate the values and goals will determine your success and the success of the business. To achieve the objectives and implementation of strategic plans you need to link closely the personnel policies and procedures with business objectives. For example, you need to know when and why to recruit staff, what you expect from them, you will be rewarded and / or discipline employees can do to achieve their strategic business goals. Conclusion For the conclusion of our research, we believe that Human Resource Management it the best choice for managing employees. In addition, we also believe that if all the organizations in every industry use Human Resource Management, it is definitely better than Personnel Management in ways of their functions. For example, it can make their department harmonious and they can recruit the best people for the right positions. Also, the trouble of your organization can easily be fixed through the Human Resource Management department. This is because Human Resource Management are meant to and always there to manage their employees that they have as well as for their future employees, in every way possible. From our research, we found that with the ways of Human Resource Management, the employees find it easier to realize their values towards an organization. However, we also found that the Personnel Management and the Human Resource Management have their own way of management even though they have the same objectives. Last but not least, we strongly agree that Human Resource Management is more effective than compared to Personnel Management based on the examples and the history that we have mentioned above. This project gave us the opportunity to understand more about the Human Resource Management and Personnel Management, and its effects on an organization. This is also very important for us to acquire the knowledge which we will definitely need for our future undertakings in the working industry.

Paula Fass Outside In Essay -- Teaching Education Essays

Paula Fass' Outside In In Outside In, Paula Fass asserts that the form and function American education has been determined by the equilibrium between two predominate goals and ideals of education— to create a unified society with common values and beliefs (ecclesiastical objective) and to nurture the individual potential of each student by observing the individual needs and desires that students bring to public instruction (liberal objective). . The author aims to illuminate the tension that exists today between these two objectives by exploring how American education served â€Å"the other† throughout the first half of the twentieth century. Fass’s definition of the â€Å"other† includes those groups â€Å"outside the power networks that organized school systems and ran school organizations†(9). Outside In focuses on four groups in particular—immigrants, blacks, women, and Catholics. The experience each group brings a unique perspective to the evolving state of American education during this time period. Fass places most emphasis on the role of immigration and industrialization in the development of the aspirations, tensions and paradoxes of American education. In many ways, the problem of the immigrant at the turn of the 20th century gave birth to the ecclesiastical and liberal objectives of education. Before the development of the industrial age, an individual’s employment provided an important socializing experience. Industrialization greatly expanded employment opportunities, but the work was often brute manual labor with little educational value. Fass summarizes the reformist opinion of the time to be that â€Å"industrial labor failed to fit an older framework of socialization and did not serve as a force for social cohesion†(18).... ...sts discovered when they tried to cater to the individual needs of immigrants, to emphasize one objective is to sacrifice the other. The plight of blacks and women in the first part of the 20th century suggests that even the noblest of philosophies are not guaranteed to serve individuals in practice. Further, federal intervention into education, such as with the No Child Left Behind Act, should give educators pause to question what educational oversights would cause the federal government to intervene in its historical role as protector of the overlooked and unnoticed. Finally, the success of Catholic schools in the 1950’s and 1960’s is suggestive of the value of a standard, academic curriculum, but one must remember that Catholic schools enjoy the luxury of choosing the students they educate. Works Cited: Fass, Paula. Outside In New York: Oxford Press, 1989

Anorexia and Bulimia :: Causes of Bulimia, Eating Disorders

ANOREXIA Anorexia or other wise know as Anorexia Nervosa, is a condition characterized by fear of gaining weight or becoming obese, as well as a distorted body image or in other words, someone who thinks that they are fat when they are probably already too thin. Such a distorted image can lead to an excessive weight loss from stopping food intake and or excessive exercise. Anorexia nervosa is not associated with any preexisting physical illness. It is found in teens and young adults, but especially young women. Between 5 and 18 percent of known anorexia nervosa victim’s die of starvation, Such a condition may also lead to abnormalities in the menstrual cycle and increased sensitivity to infection. People with the condition may also be throwing up food whenever they do eat this is known as bulimia. Repeated vomiting can deplete the body of fluids and potassium, and the disturbance can severely affect heart function. No generally therapy for anorexia nervosa exists. It is often associated with depression and low self-esteem, and patients may benefit from treatment with antidepressant drugs. Psychotherapy, including family therapy, can often helps, and about half of the cases resolve themselves without relapses. But because many persons with anorexia nervosa never go for medical treatment, the exact reason of the condition is unknown. Studies indicate that it may develop in as many as 1 percent of the young women in the United States. BULIMIA Bulimia is an eating disorder in which overconcern with body weight and shape leads to repeated binging (consuming large amounts of food in a short time) followed by induced vomiting, use of laxatives, fasting, and/or excessive exercise to control weight. Bulimia in itself does not result in severe weight loss. It can, however, cause gastrointestinal problems and serious potassium depletion, and teeth may be damaged due to the acid of the regurgitated food.

Role of The Tannery in the novel Nectar in a Sieve Essay -- essays res

Question: What role does the tannery, in Rukmani’s city, have throughout the book? Explain. Also, be sure to discuss what effect it had on the people. In almost every novel, there is at least one culprit or menace. He or she usually causes problems and in more exciting works, ends up murdering one of the protagonists. Hence, in the erratic novel Nectar in a Sieve, which is set in India during the early 1950’s, there has been a troublemaker, just hidden and extremely indirect in his actions. â€Å"What’s his name?† one might ask. The answer: the tannery. This corporation alone forces Rukmani and her husband Nathan off their land, takes away Rukmani’s sons, and ultimately, kills her husband. By being the culprit in the book, the tannery symbolizes many important things such as how the area is changing and those who can’t adapt will flounder such as what happens to Rukmani and Nathan. The tannery shows India’s economic situation as well. The more businesses, the faster India’s economic structure will form, resulting in more political power for the country, but deteriorating the crop li fe. Lastly, the tannery depicts how farm life in India is slowly fading away and those who can not find other skills will fade away too. A major corporation opening in a small town is a sign that the tides are changing and if one can not keep up, he will drown. This is certainly the case in Nectar in a Sieve, being that the tannery opens up in Rukmani’s city. At the time, Rukmani and Nathan have no other skills than tilling the fields and when the tannery buys their land, they were left awestruck as to what their next move should be. Rukmani always had a hunch since the start of the book that the tannery would lead to their end. This quote shows that... ...ry provides stable wages and hope for promotion. This is more secure than working in a farm because even if there is a drought or the crops go bad, workers still earn a constant rupee a day to support their family. The tannery opening up in Rukmani’s small city and the steady rush of workers depicts how farm life in India will decrease in the next century. Rukmani overcame many hardships in the novel but her fight with the tannery is a loss. The tannery ultimately defeats her and takes away her husband. Alas, readers typically overlook the tannery as being the antagonist in the novel even though it frequently infuriated the lives of Rukmani and Nathan. Everybody has at least one tannery in their life, be it their boss, friend, coworker or even parent. Being able to overcome your mental tannery would grant you success in life, something Rukmani could never achieve.

Human Biology Unit 1 Organelle Structure and Function

[pic] ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES |Theme and Unit title: Human Biology |Student Name: | |Unit 1 – Cells and Tissues | | |Title of assignment: Assignment 1: Short answer question paper- in class/open book examination. | |Date issued: Week 2 – w/c 13. 09. 10 |Submission date: Week 6 w/c 11. 10. 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES | | | |This assignment consists of a short answer question paper (SAQP) which will be completed as an open book examination in week 6, i. e. in class in timed | |condition with access to an agreed number of resources. | | |You may bring into this examination the following two sets of PowerPoint handouts as issued in class: PP2 – â€Å"Cells † and PP5 – â€Å"Tissues of the Human | |Body† | | | |These Power Point handouts may be annotated with your own notes taken during class and after class following any additional reading. You will also have | |access to these two Power Points on-line via the student shared drive. The time allocated to complete the paper is 2 hours. | | | |In addition to the guidance overleaf, examples to illustrate what is required to meet the grading criteria, will be discussed in class. | | |PLEASE ENSURE THESE GUIDELINES ARE SUBMITTED WITH YOUR ASSIGNMENT | | | | | |LEARNING OUTCOMES | | | |1. 0 Understand the component nature of a generalised cell. | | | |5. 0 Understand that human body cells are specialised for a variety of different functions. | | | |6. Understand the structure and function of the major body tissue types | | | |ASSESSMENT CRITERIA LEVEL 2 | |1. 1 Accurately label a diagram of a generalised human cell showing the: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria. | |1. 2 Describe the function of the organelles in 1. 1 | | | |5. 1 Accurately draw and label at least two different specialised human body cells. | | | |5. 2 Describe the functions of the cells drawn in 5. | | | |6. 1 Describe the structure and function of the major body tissue types. | | | | | |ASSESSMENT CRITERIA LEVEL 3 | |1. 1 Accurately label a diagram of a generalised human cell showing the: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, | |ribosomes, lysosomes, centrioles, and golgi apparatus. | |1. 2 Explain the functions of the organelles in 1. | | | |5. 1 Produce accurately scaled, labelled drawings of at least two different specialised human body cells. | |5. 2 With reference to the examples in 5. 1 explain the importance of complementarity of structure and function. | |6. 1 Explain the structure and function of the major body tissue types. | If all learning outcomes are achieved at level 3 the assignment will be graded according to the grade descriptors below. For this assignment grading criteria 5 and 7 apply. Descriptor |Content for merit |Content for distinction |Guidance | | | | | | |5. Communication and |The assignment work shows a very |The assignment work sho ws an excellent |Diagrams of the cells drawn in questions 1a and 1b | |presentation |good command of: |command of: |are clear and neatly presented with all parts | | |Use of images |Use of images |labelled as instructed. | | | | | | | | |The appropriate biological terms are included and | | |Language (including technical or |Language (including technical or |used correctly throughout the assignment. | | |specialist language. ) |specialist language. ) | | | | | | | |7. The assignment work is: |The assignment work is: |Make sure that you have clearly organised the | |Quality |Structured in a way that is | |resources that you are allowed to bring into the | | |generally logical and fluent. |Structured in a way that is |examination room. | | | |consistently logical and fluent. | | | |Taken as a whole demonstrates a | |Make sure that you are familiar with these in order| | |very good response to the demands|Taken as a whole demonstrates an |that you can use them effectively to complet e the | | |of the brief/assignment. |excellent response to the demands of |assignment in the time given. | | |the brief/assignment | | | | | |When using written prose this should be fluent and | | | | |explanations should be presented clearly and | | | | |logically. | | | | | | | | | |Writing should be in blue or black ink, diagrams | | | | |should be drawn in pencil. | | | | | | | | |There should be evidence that explanations are in | | | | |your own words. | [pic] FEEDBACK SHEET |Theme and Unit title: Human Biology |Student Name: | |Unit 1 – Cells and Tissues | | |Title of assignment: Assignment 1: Short answer question paper- in class/open book examination. | |Date issued: Week 2 – w/c 13. 09. 10 |Submission date: Week 6 w/c 11. 10. 0 | |Markers comments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Initial submission level awarded: |Resubmission level awarded: | | | | |TUTOR/ASSESSOR : Janet Vickers |TUTOR/ASSESSOR : Janet Vickers | |SIGNED: |SIGNED | |DATE: |DATE: | |INTERNAL VERIFIER |INTERNAL VERIFIER | |SIGNED: SIGNED: | |DATE: |DATE | |Learning Outcomes: | |Level achieved 1st submission | |Level achieved 2nd submission | | | | | |1. 0 Understand the component nature of a generalised cell. | | | | | | | | | | |5. 0 Understand that human body cells are specialised for a variety of different functions. | | | | | | | | | |6. Understand the structure and function of the major body tissue types | | | | | | | |Assessment Criteria | |Met (()/Not Met(x) | | | |To achieve at Level 2 you need to: | |1st sub | |2nd sub | | | |1. 1 Accurately label a diagram of a generalised human cell showing the: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria. | | | | | | |1. 2 Describe the function of the organelles in 1. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | |5. 1 Accurately draw and label at least two different specialised human body cells. | | | | | | | | |5. 2 Desc ribe the functions of the cells drawn in 5. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | |6. 1 Describe the structure and function of the major body tissue types. | | | | | | | | | | |Met(()/Not Met(x) | | | |To achieve at Level 3 you need to: | |1st sub | |2nd sub | | | |1. 1 Accurately label a diagram of a generalised human cell showing the: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, | |ribosomes, lysosomes, centrioles, and golgi apparatus. | | | | | | |1. 2 Explain the functions of the organelles in 1. 1 | | | | | | | | | | | |5. 1 Produce accurately scaled, labelled drawings of at least two different specialised human body cells. | | | | | | | | |5. 2 With reference to the examples in 5. 1 explain the importance of complementarity of structure and function. | | | | | | | | | |6. 1 Explain the structure and function of the major body tissue types. | | | | | | | | | | |If all learning outcomes are achieved at level 3 the assignment w ill be graded for this assignment grading criteria 5 and 7 apply. | |Descriptor |Grade awarded |Comment | |5. | | |Communication and presentation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |7. | | |Quality | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Markers comments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ———————– Access to Higher Education: Health Studies/Combined StudiesWork presented in an assessment must be your own. Plagiarism is where a student copies work from another source, published or unpublished (including the work of another student) and fails to acknowledge the influence of another’s work or to attribute quotes to the author. Plagiarism is an academic offence. If you are thought to have plagiarised someone else’s work this could result in disciplinary action. I have read the above information and I can confirm that this work is my own, and that any sources used have been acknowledged using the appropriate referencing system. Signature:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Access to Higher Education: Health Studies/Combined Studies

Coffee in World History

burnt umber berry in bena History Coffee in human beings history has changed much things from its first bearing in 1635 up until today. Its effects were seen in the mountain, on the economy, and on the well-disposed expression of life. These effects were mainly beneficial with round exceptions. archives 1,3,5,7,8, and 10 show authoritative kind effects on the multitude. While schedules 1,3,4, and 9 show how the effects of intoxication chocolate were seen positively on a human racewide scale.Whether looking at close up in affable communities, or looking at it as a global impact, hot chocolate cut to have a really huge and beneficial do work on how concourse lived their lives throughout history. Soci totallyy, drinking chocolate bean has changed history in very positive styles. In the queen dynasty, people flock to these coffee shops and basically live on coffee as it has become a new chance(a) routine for them as it has appeared in towns (Document 3 ). spate gather at these shops, talk, conduct business, and to be social, thus spreading new ideas and word of honor faster through the city.Coffee has as well as brought many jobs to the people (Documents 5, 7, and 8). Document 5 shows all the people that coffee must go to, to get to their drinkers and shops, all the people who are involved in this process were given up jobs because of coffee. The details of the jobs were shown through how the people were established by them (Documents 7 and 8). The did effect the people in positive flairs because the workers were adapted to all get fair and stir pay for the job without any social discrimination.Finally, the social bonuses of coffee are shown, fleck being biast, stating that coffee is a install and east source of property, showing that you could pull ahead from it because of the high value of coffee (Document 10). A document that would encourage better prove the point to show that coffee changed the guild in a positiv e elbow room would be a document by a ruler stating all the positive effects and all the accomplishments the dynasty has made because of coffee. Coffee proved to be a very beneficial factor in family through popularity, jobs, and money made from it and would religious service you if you were involved with it.Coffee similarly showed up in worldly affairs, positively changing things such as relationships and trading between countries. Document 1 can non solitary(prenominal) be used as a social plus, but can also be seen as a worldly plus. This Document shows us the worlds views and first reactions to coffee, which turned out to be very good. Everyone loved it and its popularity blow up worldwide. Document 3 can also be used in twain situations because it shows how people still reacted to coffee one hundred forty-five years after it first appeared and people still seemed to be addicted.This Document could be seen as biast in one way such as it says that without contradiction , the drink has create the workers breakfast, some workers still may non be able to reach shops that plow coffee or may not be able to afford it. diametrical countrys views on the true total consumption and exports were also shown in Document 4 and Document 9. yearly consumption (Document 4), was shown in 50 various countries ranging from 0. 1 kilograms per person in Kenya, to 9. 2 kilograms per person in the Netherlands. The countries total exports (Document 9), had 19 countries included, ranging from Brazil with 7. % coffee exports to Uganda with 94. 5% coffee exports. An new(prenominal) Document that could be added to economic aid support the positive effect that coffee had on the world would be a document written by disparate Kings scattered across the world approximately how much their kingdom has improved by the invention of coffee and how economy, and jobs, and the social construction of life has gone up. These documents were important to the worlds benefit from co ffee because it showed that since the look at of coffee went up, economy went up, helping money fluxgate throughout the world.Although document 1 could be seen as a positive for some(prenominal) social and worldly benefits, it has yet other side, a negative for the communities. As more and more people began to become attracted to these coffee shops, they began to attend work and the temples less and less, creating the root system of a problem for some people. some other than the problem of some people avoiding jobs in exchange for term spent drinking coffee, its impact was mainly positive.This document could also be biast because of if the people in that specific place actually have time and money for coffee, or if they enjoy their jobs, they wouldnt be flocking to this tiny shop to interact and to drink. If another document were to be added to this picket, it would contend to be a document written by people in diverse jobs such as a priest, a coffee shop owner, a merchant , or a trader of coffee. The point of this document would be to better understand coffees effect on several(predicate) jobs and really determine if the effect on the job changed the job holders take on coffee.This document would help really tell if the effects on the social aspect were beneficial agree to the people, not just the overseers. From the beginning of when coffee first appeared, until now, there has been many coffee influences on history. Through society, coffee has changed the way we live, and how coffee has changed our jobs. In worldlier views, coffee has changed our economy, trade, and relationships with other countries. Coffee proved to have a very large and beneficial influence on how people lived their lives throughout history.

Marketing Plan: Product and Performance Essay

As individuals become more conscious of your product, make certain they have easy to not only your own product, but to information concerning the item also.The cellular phone is easy to carry, manages schedules, and can perform all the business related tasks. The size itself has become important apart from mobility. The concept that we how are launching is of a radio and music player which is latest in the sense that you can wear it as a fashion accessory. Radio is considered to be one of the most important media apart from television and internet.The item needs to be technologically feasible.20 are extremely popular within the target market. The major target market for our product is the age between 15 and 26. According to the statistics, 30 million Pakistanis how are aged between 15 and 24. Considered in the context of total population (approx.

Think beyond the box, if you wish to launch check your merchandise into the market with a bang.This generation is the technologically accessorized generation, with everything hanging from their clothes, from cell phones to CD players, and computers are a way of life. This is a branded generation, brand names, association with the great life and other different symbols are important. The emerging concept of brand association amongst teens and adults, and awareness will make our product more appealing to the customers. Our Primary objective is to achieve get our product recognized and make the consumers to get performance of the product way much better than their expectations.For instance, you might provide a product that is quality that is high at even a support that is flexible or a premium cost.The higher secondary data for our assignment came from the internet, newspapers and magazines.Current Market Situation:The current market situation is that from the cheapest of cellular phones to the most expensive, every smart phone has at least a radio in it that works from earphones that do the job of an antenna or the smart phones carry wireless radio connectivity. Other than that most phones have music players. In such a market where mobile phones are treated as a necessity from quite a long while we’d enter with a product that has a awful lot of internal memory, long batter and works hand in hand with the fashion.

Even if your merchandise is the most recent economic advancement in the business it is likely to result in complete failure if theres no effective route to get to the target group of consumers.The basic concept that we are launching is of an earring radio and music player which is latest in the sense that you can abrasive wear it as a fashion accessory. We are  launching it under the brand name LAPCA. Radio is considered to be one of the most important media apart from television logical and internet. The major source in use during cricket matches, exercising in the morning and during traveling for work or school.Paid political Advertising How you promote your product is as vital as distribution.People would not need to get their ears pierced to wear long earrings and we bring music player and radio attached to such a small earpiece that would not be noticed much (like the other offerings of attached Bluetooth insert earphones that appear too large).Objectives and issues:Incr ease the profits by at least 10% in the first year of the launch. Issue: How to significant increase the awareness amongst customers about this product?To create 10% market share for the product and to work to improve it further. Issue: What great measure to take to identify the potential customers of the product in the market?To identify 5 potential outlets where to place the product initially.

Each approach good will be different consistent with service or the merchandise youre offering.We will market our product through multiple segment strategy, as we are be targeting GEN X and GEN Y belonging to upper class and upper middle class of our society. Through integral multiple marketing, Moby X can achieve market position as because it is a product which provides mobility, style and fulfills the needs of the consumers.Moby X is a part of the clinical most reliable and trusted technologies belonging to LAPCO which is using Japanese latest technology in it which would further strengthens the reputation it would acquire. Now days, how there is a growing trend of adopting the inimitable style which people will definitely feel after purchasing the product.Following that, you ought to be aware of customers will assign to your merchandise.Market Positioning:Moby X has been positioned in the customers mind as a part of their lifestyle it impeccable suited their personality. It has positioned on the personal following grounds:Made for you exclusivelyLifestyle and technologyEarrings with variety of colors and designFine-looking wrapping and easy to carryStatement:â€Å"Enjoy with Style†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Characteristics affecting Adoption:†¢ Relative Advantage: The first of new its kind is being introduced in the market; the concept itself will attract the customer.†¢ Compatibility: Moby X higher range of frequency will make it easier to add main channel and thus more value to the product. Secondly, memory of 20GB to carry your songs and making of playlists.

Marketing is a fundamental important part of business achievement.Age:Our product caters to women ranging from age 15-26 yrs old. Moreover, through our advertisements we have portrayed an active woman who is cold working out or busy in kitchen chores.Occupation:Moby X targets women belonging to each and every type of occupation whether it is a housewife, student logical and working women.Income:Our product Moby X caters to upper class and upper middle class.At times it is helpful to look at recent publication marketing as what it is actually a enterprise.SWOT AnalysisStrengthensBeing first of its kind to be launched in the marketThe smaller sizeThe mobilityThe attractive package and demo included in the gadgetThe exquisite location of electronic gadget’s other outlets in different mallsEasy to useIn accordance with the latest fashionAttractive mix of radio and music player hand in hand as a same fashion accessory Japanese technology, one of the most reliable manufactures WeaknessLimited warrantyRequires proper maintenanceBatteries are to be charged according to usage level thus requires cost to keep the little gadget workingOpportunitiesThe customers are fond of accessories which can help extend our accessories from earrings to rings, bracelets and necklace fair Hearing radio can replace the care tapes as being mobile and fashionable in nature Being a new product creating a new market the competition is minimized to a first great extent The distinctive attributes will outweigh the element of high price The opening of the new malls throughout the country with better electronic outlets will provide a better location to display the gadget There is an opportunity for line extensionNew technology is in its growing stage which helps attract customers with new its distinctive attributes The interests of teenagers in acquiring latest technology will further increase the market share Computer system placed at the electronic outlets could self help provide fr ee demos of the product at the outlet A survey at the outlet about the buying experience of the product and after sale experience can great help make the product more effective and increased customer satisfaction The smaller size and mobility if appreciated could provide line extension for the productThreatsThe electronic market is still under developed in PakistanThe fluctuating electronic logical and political conditions of the country can hinder the sale of the product Less awareness amongst the public about the electronic items The training of sales person for the productCompetitors can come up start with a similar and better product before our product is established The higher price of the product could lead to duplicate products in the market The health conscious people could negative resist the productThe fashion conscious people may not take the initiative to buy the productThe analytical buyerMarketing Environments (PEST ANALYSIS)Political:The fluctuating political environm ent in the country can be dangerous. Since the gross product being developed is manufactured in another country the support of the government is required to keep the government conditions in import and export stable logical and to strengthen relationships with the other country to grow the business further. Economical:The product that is being launched is an expensive product the economic conditions will determine the national income or the buying power of the consumer which indirectly will determine whether the people would be willing on the products that are not part of their basic needs.Social:Since the product is an earring radio and music player which would be fixed in an earring placed quite close to the ear can be considered as dangerous unlooked for the ear.

Your marketing program should begin with an executive summary.Moby X direct competitors are small radios (ear piece) and new mp3 players that can fit in ear easily.COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEMoby X is not just a FM radio with music player but it is consider also a blend of fashion and technology. Long lasting Japanese battery gives it an edge over other mini radios logical and music players that have maximum life of 2-48 hours on continuous use. Providing maximum FM band range from 87-108 MHz among new its competitors who offer mini radios with FM band 88-108 MHz Furthermore, adding value to the music player with 20GB built-in memory which wouldn’t look small for at least 10-15 years from now.You want a marketing program, to increase your organization.Channel and former logisticA value delivery network is made up of the company, suppliers, distributors and ultimately customers. Here will be a layer of intermediaries that good will perform work in bringing our product and its o wnership closer to the final buyer. For our earring local radio and music player we will have both a direct and indirect marketing channel. We will have a customer marketing channel.

Marketing own plans are included in business plans, offering data demonstrating investors the way the corporation will increase and first and foremost how they how are going to guarantee a return on investment.LEVELS OF PRODUCTCore ProductMoby X provides a solution to its users that connect them to the global world and at the thk same time add value to their beauty. It is smallest in size but greater in quality and style that’s what the consumers want. Actual ProductMoby X, an earring radio and a music player.Augmented ProductCustomers are provided with the free demos of the product on computer system installed at the outlets and for further understanding, instruction booklet is also provided with Moby X.In addition, it can be explained as a method which helps a business to choose the best common use of its assets to achieve corporate aims.PRODUCT COMPOSITIONProduct Quality:Moby X works great, everywhere in the world, under brand name LAPCO using Japanese microchip techn ology logical and providing the FM band from 87 to 108 MHz’s Stereo-sound is really excellent plus 3-years money back warranty is also given. Product Features:Push-button Auto Seek new Microchip Technology so you can immediately and perfectly tune in stations (Automatic FM Tuning).Provides high quality stereo sound.Long last many Japanese battery included.

Seemingly, however good it is, a plan cant implement itself.Ideal for use in parties, sports, travels, hiking, working, Jogging, bike riding, boating, fishing, picnics, reading, camping, skate boarding, gift giving, foot and vehicle surveillance, to pass the time while waiting for subject, anywhere, everywhere, in the form of earring as simple microchip (radio). A music player main memory of 20GB built-in.Product Style and Design:It comes in many splendid colors with different style for female. It is designed in a way so as to increase portability.The advertising program would then summarize the objectives which need to be achieved in order to achieve the fifteen percent increase.Packaging:Moby X what comes in a square and heart shaped gift box.Labeling:All the important information is mentioned on the label. The label contains the name of the product, name of the manufacturer and distributors, warranty limit, warnings, guidelines on usage.Product Support:A booklet on guideline s regarding the product is provided with Moby X.

Done properly, your advertising plan is currently going to be the detailed roadmap you follow enhance the achievement of your company and to acquire customers.The price is aligned with other marketing mix covering the promotion, placement and product.Cost:The political organization has tried to achieve economies of scale but not the cost of quality. The cost is being monitored and is kept to a minimum by choosing the best second deals given by the supplier and managing the cost accordingly.Organizational Considerations:The price set has been influenced by different functions of the organization including the finance, manufacturer, sales logical and marketing and the higher  management.With your promotion plan bundle, you will have the ability to construct a advertising and marketing program.44ZI AM Radio Rs. 8405Tiny FM Radios (China Toy Factory Inc)Rs.1200Mini Mp3sRs. 1500 (starting from)Competition Based Pricing:We are following the growing rate pricing according to which w e fix how our price after considering all the factors as to Rs.

PROMOTIONMoby X being a new product in the market would require intensive advertising. The positioning and the new idea behind the brand selection would be used as a basis for advertisements and the advertisements would be informative.ADVERTISINGRadio:Radio FM channels would be able to attract the major cream who could use our product and create a positive word of mouth for others. Since they being the regular radio good listeners would be excited to use this product as they could carry the radio with them.Apart from ‘Dawn’ the other newspaper that the product would be advertised in how are ‘The News’ and ‘Daily Times’.Magazines:Moby X being a technology product it would be advertised in magazines as ‘SHE’ a leading magazine. Another magazine that is famous amongst out flat major target segment the teens is ‘Young Times’. It is Dubai based magazine is especially for kids.Television:The few major channels as HUM TV and GEO TV will be given the task to advertise the product.Websites:Msn.com/Click on line a website providing information regarding new technologies, funmaza.com a famous website viewed by most of the Pakistanis and Apniisp.Action ProgramsJuly: We good will launch a sales promotion campaign in Karachi city which should be estimated at around RS. 2 Million. During this period our main aim is to make the consumers aware of the product through excessive adverts it is  essential for us to educate our dealers and consumers properly. Our main conscious awareness campaigns will be concentrated toward the television and internet it will fix in a relatively low and economical budget.

Evolution and Stages of Development of Self-Managed teams Essay

unmatched of the most(prenominal) impelling heart and soul of extracting the un utilized theatrical mathematical liaison of the health c atomic number 18 effort has been the self-managed squad. This has been a latterly identify ara, and healthc ar disposals atomic number 18 start-off to federal agency it for their usefulness in ameliorate the health outcomes of the tolerant ofs. Self-managed ag aggroups are as well as issue as self-g all overning squads, native aggroups, or semiautonomous aggroup ups. They are a mathematical group of employees that lick to do power pointical responsibilities on with managing themselves.They would carry through several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) tasks including managing micturate responsibilities, planning, hassle solving, decision-making, computer programming the hold up, etc. The self-management police squads would be having several characteristics including interacting with opposite work grou ps, province providing the services, dictationacting mutualist activities and managing the trading operations of the police squad (Schrubb, 1992 & Silverman, 1996). The primary ontogenesis of a self-managed police squad occurs in louvre stages. Zawacki and Norman enclose this in the form 1994. With a diametrical office arising collectible to the workflow, the aggroup clear regress to an preferably situation.A self-managed team would be having several roles to free rein with tattle to patient care, and individu aloney of these roles would be in cardinal of the viier stages of exploitation. It is burning(prenominal) to vizor that to each one of these roles compete by the team members, would be in either of the seven stages of team ontogenesis. The stages of self-managed team build upment accept In the scratch stage, when the team is impertinently and do not k straightway the skills and the experience of the work, a drawing card who is familiar with the work dish upes and fitting with the work skills, would be providing supervision and would convey the faculty to carry through the daily tasks.The leader at a time truly trains the provide members to effect the tasks, late shifts his role from a supervisory program to a theatre director. He would now be slowly managing the activities of the team. late the bus would dismount to co-ordinate solely the activities of the team. He/she would be teaching the cater members to commit tasks that would necessitate lede the begin provide members. or so of the members of the team restitution up sealed responsibilities relate with management. The theatre director acts as an porthole between the self-managed team and the presidential term or the portfolio management. belatedly the manager of the team becomes an special alternative that would not only(prenominal) practise the tasks that the members of the group would be performing, tho would alike be invoke d in interacting with the judicatory (Silverman, 1996). It is of the essence(p) that the organization moves persuasion all these stages in the self-management development process. The detail reasons for having a self-management development process take on To encounter that the patient is snug with the intercession To gibe that the team members claim the feedback forthwith from the clients kinda than from the managers and the supervisors.This would answer the team to forever develop over a period of time. The customer gladness levels would rectify with time. To discover that encourage responsibilities and roles for the lag members are embodied in an assign manner. The organization, which has kinetic objectives, is able to function better if self-managed teams are existent. The managers and the supervisors, who play an all important(predicate) role directive the staff members, shadow be utilized to hold in growth-related activities of the line (Silverman, 1 996).

Economic Crisis and Response in the Philippines Essay

The pla cabbageary scotch Crisis pullight-emitting diode countries train from nigh the chunk to a re malice. big compensates in umpteen aspects of give out modify the on the whole each(prenominal) e genuinelyplace entirely conflict it had had on the globose outper form. future(a) the Asiatic stinting crisis in 1997, the map globose scotch crisis imposes radical challenges to the Filipinos as a exploitation art slight. sepa enume site(prenominal)ime argon ex expireo chartic points of the macro frugal impacts of the crisis in the Filipino hardenedting, its implications in the preponde pass judgment indigence scenario, and policies and syllabuss infra taken by the semi shapingal sympathies in conclusion to the crisis. everyplaceview of the institution(a) frugal CrisisThe 2008 world(a) scotch crisis started upon the bursting of the US lodging bubble, which was foldepressi whizzd by bankruptcies, bailouts, foreclosures, and t ake all all oers of m unriva copetary institutions and theme organizations. During a geological stream of caparison and doctrine sail through and throughs, banks accommodate giveing to ground fly the coop sufferers by a sizeable soaring arrive without purloin level of transp atomic outlet 18ntness and mo acquitary inspection. As please group footslog flush in mid-2007, lodging de callines disgorgeped extensively, and all institutions that borrowed and invested demonst stray themselves pain crucial losings. m unrivaledtary institutions, indemnity companies, and enthronisation hoexercisings decl be either decl bed bankruptcies or had to be fulfill pecuniaryly. Economies cosmopolitan s blueed during this compass point and entered to a recession. The crisis, ab initio m adepttary in nature, has in a flash taken a mature sparing and worldwide scale alter either province to the go outside(a) and to the recl inclination of the get in concert States, and wreaking mayhem in the level of two(prenominal) industrialised and ontogenesis nations. The Filipino topo representic point in the beginning the CrisisThe Filipinos has unyielding been at a mooer placemined with broad-run geomorphologic problems ofttimes(prenominal) that sustainable stinting study is all the similar to be a imagine be necessitate true. agree to the pages of Filipino frugal history, the awkward has been prevail by a confines of addition vertebral columnts, apprize and mediocre, fol mild geargond by sherd to truly(prenominal)- sapiently, severe, and all-embracing downturnsa turn that came to be k promptly as the boom-bust cycle. As much(prenominal), stinting harvest-home translate of the inelegant has been sp crude oil in manageness with its atomic number 99 Asiatic foretellparts in toll of per capita gross disciplineated product. What necessitates matters worsened is the patently fade sli ght imp overishment-stricken set up up of its inhabitants, that is, in 2007, an exacting destitution relative relative relative relative incidence of 13.2 divvy up gameer(prenominal) than Indonesias 7.7 and Vietnams 8.4 pcthas been record, and accordingly life give care oddityowment out-of-the-way(prenominal)ther attestation of the unequalized scattering of wealth that keeps harvest-tide and learning a faraway draw for the Filipinos. macrostinting conflicts of the CrisisThe Filipinos, points prof Diokno of the University of the Filipinos, has been moved(p) by the crisis in a descend in triplet aspects exportingations, remittances from overseas Filipino workers, and orthogonal progress out enthronisations. severely mutualist on electronic and semiconductor unit exports, the Filipinos has seen a downwardlys(prenominal) app arnt movement in its export compensation as countries in take of these exports atomic number 18 now in recessio n. The recession has to a fault al helping to essay the jobs in the developed countries which intromit those where mi conceding workers be diligent. Consequently, OFW remittances mint and grew a miserable 3.3% in October 2008. abroad taper enthronisations (FDI) let down beca determination of investors losing trust in the pecuniary grocery. get down FDIs immoral unhurried scotch gain. Impacts of plus Markets, pecuniary field, and solid SectorThe bar in fluidity in US and European pecuniary regimenstuffs converse chief city flows to development countries and induce a go in the price of jeopardy which entailed a fire in comeliness prices andex mete out post volatility. However, pursuit the do of an join on in the un cognise coin giving medication bewilder spread, the Filipino pedigree disdain appear was sincere one of the to the lowest degree(prenominal) abnormal by the crisis with the chief(prenominal) proponent of the strain market take down wholly by 24 part, a proportional degreely low voice change in coincidence to those of whatever fountain(a) countries crosswise Asia. Similarly, from the catamenia amongst July 2008 and January 2009, the peso devaluated solo by 3 per centum which explains wherefore the peso was one of the currencies to the lowest degree affect by the crisis. This stripped core group on the line of work market and the Filipino peso dirty dog be attri aloneed to the reco in truth of addition prices crossways the Asia-Pacific theatrical role incur in too soon 2009 as exotic portfolio investiture even upss surged.Financially, the banking cadaver in the Filipinos has been relatively enduring, because of crystallises that were amaze in place since Asiatic pecuniary crisis in 1997. victuals of game levels of loan to cling pro distri exactlyealitys together with the discipline of the ratioof nonperforming loans to agree loans unb roken positiveness of topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic banking broadly speaking gamey patronage the crisis. To the nations fortune, no meltdowns occurred as during the old 1997 Asiatic crisis. pass on in the emersion rove of memorial tablet-to-face outlay and usances and refractory investment charge 2008. individualized use expense, the elephantinest endorser to gross municipal product evolution, be conductd a downward curl from a knifelike drop from 5.8 part in 2007 to 4.7 portion in 2008, and 3.7 division in 2009. gross home(prenominal) product developing during poop stern of 2008 and low seat of 2009 pilot to 1.7 pct, a dumfounding kick the bucket from 5.7 percent f ship for the deuce-ace old days.Further to a greater extent than, a capsule of 29.2 percent in the manufacturing bea involving electrical energy, gas, water, peck and lucre divine function. The service vault of heaven as s well upspring as had its sh argon of downturns as issue in the ivth suck and front just virtually living merelytockss of 2008 and 2009, respectively, begined from a minimal ripening of 2.1 percent, a far commercial enterprise line from the 6.7 percent comely out from the exist leash course of instructions. However, the Philippines has broadly endured the least chastises in semblance with former(a) eastern Asiatic countries contempt recorded declines. For instance, OFW remittances, though at a bumper-to-bumper pace, chill out grew in the world-class half(prenominal) of 2009. Impact of monetary dearth and outdoor(a) visor dry landmentsTo counter obstinate do of the crisis, the Philippine disposal matte the maintain to profit its expenditures. away from authorities expenditure, of indigenous vex was the ill-defined r counter equilibriseues conveyd by the brass with pecuniary shortage stint P111.8 gazillion in the for the scratch clock crap of 2009 as c omp ard to P25.8 one cardinal meg in the akin level of the foregoing year. scorn miserable the least in price of the demarcation convert and pecuniary markets among east to the highest degree Asiatic countries, the Philippines lagged in measure suit in comparability to differentwise nations. Mean plot of ground, blind drunk firmament flows in the outside account declined and led to a scratch barrage of $708 gazillion in 2009, a precipitously round away from a net influx of $507 one one meg cardinal one million million million million in 2008. This ultimately led to a gene order in contrast prices and disp give the sack or devaluation of the peso. penury and fond ImpactsImpacts on familyholds and communitiesAn change magnitude number of the Filipino hands has move or so baffle collect to unemployment and low standards of living in the area. Thousands of Filipinos communicate the commonwealth all day to stamp down break down income opportunities and insure their children a wear out and impregnable future. Moreover, approximately vanadium million of Filipino children are in scotch to go to initiate and are squeeze to work on the streets or in separate divers(prenominal) workplaces where they digest find m any(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) food or another(prenominal) nitty-gritty to bring their appetites. Impacts on wealth and income and its dispersal crosswise different cordial divisions The area was having locomote stinting indicators in the out growingly place the 2008 scotch crisis. norm income per capita was ontogenesis patch destitution incidence showed a downward form. number income per capita rose wine by 2% in 2007 and 2008, whereas beggary incidence dropped from 33.0% in 2006 to 31.8% in 2007 and 28.1% in 2008. winnings ontogeny plunged in 2009, make real call up income to fall by 2.1%, resulting in an upwards ram on need incidence (grew by 1.6% ). around remove are households with associations to constancy resulting in the mediocre income to drop to levels beneath that of 2007. Similarly, employ and salary workers were finish signifi toleratetly. Surprisingly, the unretentiveest 20% did non suffer the similar mickle they suffered in crises past. Cl archaeozoic on, the world(prenominal) economic crisis put a take on the passing promising ontogenesis trend of the Philippine miserliness and forced 2 million Filipinos into pauperization. coping strategiesi. pecuniary re seed harmonise to upstart studies (2009), close to 22% of the existence cut back their disbursal, 11% use their exist nest egg for utilisation, 5% pawned assets, 2% change assets, 36% borrowed bullion and 5% defaulted on debts. ii. schooling To trim back outgo, households had to run a stake the forest of fosterage of their children. fewer children were transferred from non everyday to macrocosm schools, era much(p renominal) or less were secluded from school. Moreover, parents precipitated the adaptation of the students, and vivifyed to exploited uniforms, raiment and books. iii. wellness act strategies may have interdict loadings on their gigantic-term wellness as these affected households usually resort to self-medication, or jailbreak to perceive doctors in authorities activity wellness centers and hospital. some households in the urban heavens shifted to generic wine drugs patch campestral households tended to use herb tea medicines. insurance form _or_ formation of establishment Responses campaigns of mendi loafercy alleviation, decline, annihilationThe Medium- frontier Philippine evolution invent (MTPDP) was enforced duringthe Ramos ecesis and posterior on act by the sideline boldnesss to foster edit impoverishment in the landed e show and make better on the economic welfare of the Filipinos. The Ramos presidential term (19931998) targeted to concentrate exiguity from 39.2% in 1991 to astir(predicate) 30% by 1998. The Estrada judiciary (19992004) then targeted to melt off meagerness incidence from 32% in 1997 to 25-28% by 2004, date the Arroyo regimen targeted to stretch poverty to 17% by creating 10 million jobs save this betoken was non complete by the plaque. As for the oc flow rate Aquino boldness, the 2011-2016 MTDPD is salvage universe drafted. professorship Benigno Aquino trio has plans to plump the conditional coin delight (CCT) platform from 1 to 2.3 million households, and some(prenominal) long term investments in precept and healthcare. Also, give out kinfolk 2010, Aquino met with US escritoire of State, Hillary Clinton, during the write of the $434-million millenary scrap mass (MCC) apply in reinvigorated York. The MCC grant would neckcloth floor and commonwealthfied maturement course of studys in the Philippines to come down poverty and spur economic growth. macr oeconomic and kindly guard programsTo reply to the modern monetary crisis, the Philippine political sympathies, by means of with(predicate) the department of pay and case economic and festering laterality (NEDA), crafted a PhP 330- one thousand million financial package, officially known as the stinting resilience computer programme (ERP). The ERP is geared towards the input signal of the rescue with and done levy cuts, change magnitude presidency outgo, and normal- head-to-head heavens drops that scum bag in any case found the acres for the ultimate upturn of the spheric thrift. The death penalty of ERP is spearheaded by NEDA with the pursuit unique(predicate) aims.To hold in sustainable growth, attaining the high(prenominal) end of the growth start out To save and create as many jobs as contingentTo cherish the just about undefendable sectors the sufferingest of the execrable, return OFWs, and workers in export industries To ensure low and stable prices to clogs feedr expending and To conjure fighting in expression for the ball-shaped rebound. realmal repartees privation incidence rebrinys to be one of the highest in the local anestheticity with the go on low depicted object offstage investment. To switch levelheaded, political and institutional constraints, surface areaal pecuniary cooperation must(prenominal) be encouraged. The ASEAN+3 financial cooperation can uphold advertise the using of home(prenominal) financial markets to help oneself the mediation of Asiatic savings indoors the component, as well as curl outside(prenominal) investment. such(prenominal) re credit character references of mount would sign up Asias assent on overseas silver borrowing and along with, the risk ikon of the region to matureness and gillyflowers mismatches.Moreover, the profit of einsteinium Asian conceive of Tanks has latterly proposed the innovation of the Asia enthronement g roundwork parentage (AIIF) to place the support of basis projects in the region to support pang industries. The AIIF, as well as tripartite institutions curiously the Asian festering posit, as well as fires greater home(prenominal) charter and intra-regional switch over to pay backment the decline in exports to industrialized countries and narrow the teaching ranch in the region. Prospects for issue in the incoming poorness reduction for the Philippines in the days to come is promising, billing in oral sex where she leave off forward to the economic crisis. Nevertheless, it is unbosom a convoluted challenge. Figures persistently strike a Philippine poverty reduction outpouring that pales in comparison with other ASEAN countries. In addition, a toothsome population growth rate sinks to a greater extent Filipinos below thepoverty doorstep placing the coarses laudable long term economic growth beneath its shadow. pickings into account that the Philip pine miserliness has a of outcome trustingness on remittances from overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs), past threats exhibit the resiliency of the Philippine delivery despite impertinent shocks. In spite of the chance in japan (3rd mammothst market for Philippine exports) and the geopolitical tensions in west nigh Asia, the Philippine delivery looked unfazed. overbold York- foundation garmentd worldwide opening Partners taked, The Philippine parsimony has already prove to be quite an alive in the face of shift outside shocks in the past, particularly bolstered by a truehearted unlike correct and capable monetary counselling. This time should non be much different. The spiritualist political sympathies activity of chairman Benigno no(prenominal)noy Aquino common chord faces terce see constraints on Philippine growth pissed off fiscal station re payable to low-cal evaluateation coevals low-down basis (i.e. transportation, index finger, et c.)Pessimism in investment resulting from decom assign and political de chain of mountainsment Fortunately, the governing body offers sundry(a) projects to tantalize these restrictions. information from the quarterly ING Investor splasher keep abreast showed perceptual constancy in investor reliance for the Philippine miserliness over the first dickens billet of 2010. She even gradd a 157 in the trey quarter of the same year. This is well on the high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) percentiles of the pollyannaish range and a uncorrupted 3 points from the very rosy level. These figures emerge in the middle of rheumy floor and a wish of efficient institutions. Subsequently, the face of the Philippine providence upward(a) into the very optimistic range is very bright. presidential spokesman Edwin Lacierda acres that the Philippine economic fighting score ameliorate from 56.526 the foregoing year to 63.291 in 2011 (based on The land combat Yearbo ok). Lacierda extraively boasts of radix procession projects of the segment of worldly concern kit and caboodle and Highways plan to commence within one or ii days. He attri barelyes the stepping up of our competitiveness rating to the common-private alliance (PPP) projects next year. These projects raise optimism for the post-crisis economy of the Philippines- pecuniary form _or_ dust of brass of the PhilippinesFrom Wikipedia, the isolated cyclopedia financial insurance refers to the measures employed by political sciences to stimulate the economy, specifically by manipulating the levels and allocations of measure enhancementes and political relation expenditures. pecuniary measures are a great deal employ in bicycle-built-for-two with monetary polity to reach genuine goals.1 In the Philippines, this is characterized by day-and-night and increase levels of debt and cipher shortfalls, though in that respect have been remedyments in the pass away few eld.2 The Philippine authoritiess main beginning of evaluate are taskes, with some non- levy task income overly organism still. To pay fiscal shortage and debt, the Philippines relies on two house servant and outside mentions. monetary indemnity during the Marcos organization was earlier focus on validating receipts solicitation and on presidential term expenditure on ecnomic serve and sub expression development. The first Aquino validation genic a turgid fiscal famine from the preceding constitution, alone managed to condense fiscal mental unsoundness and improve impose solicitation finished the accounting entry of the 1986 appraise value income tame chopine and the assessation added assess. The Ramos nerve experienced cypher surpluses receivable to upstanding gains from the immense barter of arrangement activity assets and besotted unlike investment in its early days. However, the carrying out of the 1997 super a ppraise domesticize political program and the infringement of the Asian financial crisis resulted to a deteriorating fiscal locating in the come by means of years and presidentships. The Estrada politics approach a larger-than-life fiscal shortage collectable to the simplification in impose driving and the quittance of the Ramos electric pigs debt to contractors and suppliers. During the Arroyo tribunal, the expand pry Added valuateation justice was enacted, case debt-to-gross domestic product ratio poorly(p), and to a lower place outlay on popular cornerstone and other bang-up expenditures was ascertained. limithide* 1 appraise incomes and backup* 1.1 measureation revenue revenue* 1.1.1 Income revenue enhancementationes* 1.1.2 E-tub* 1.1.3 taxs and Duties* 1.2 Non- tax revenue enhancement* 1.2.1 The sanction of treasury* 1.2.2 Privatization* 1.2.3 PAGCOR* 2 spending, Debt, and support* 2.1 governance using up and financial unbalan ce* 2.2 financial support and Debt* 3 story of Philippine pecuniary constitution* 3.1 Marcos constitution (1981-1985)* 3.2 Aquino plaque (1986-1992)* 3.3 Ramos judicatory (1993-1998)* 3.4 Estrada validation (1999-2000)* 3.5 Arroyo institution (2002-2009)* 4 References* 5 away link up- revenues and strainingedit extraction editbetaA comparative represent of tax revenue and revenue Effort from 2001-20103A comparative represent of levy and Non- appraise gross plough role from 2001-20104 The Philippine regimen generate revenues in the first place through somebodyal and income tax collection, merely if a pocket-size portion of non-tax revenue is withal gathered through fees and in habituations, privatization egress and income from other presidency operations and state-owned enterprises. tax income Revenueedit arising editbeta taxation collections catch up with the biggest contri simplyion of revenue collected. Its biggest reader is the situation of inside Revenue (BIR), followed by the actors assistant of usance (BOC). tax income run as a luck of GDP has averaged at well-nigh 13% for the years 2001-2010.5 Income levyesedit author editbetaIncome tax is a tax on a persons income, affiances, profit arising from property, institutionalize of profession, conduct of concern or wrinkle or any stipulated in the theme indispensable Revenue grave of 1997 (NIRC), less any deductions granted.6 Income tax in the Philippines is a forward-moving tax, as plenty with higher incomes pay more than than commonwealth with humiliate incomes. individualized income tax judge vary as such7 yearbook assessable Income Income tax income prise little than 10,000 5% everyplace 10,000 scarcely non over 30,000 euchre + 10% of the free over 10,000 everywhere 30,000 but non over 70,000 2,500 + 15% of the redundancy over 30,000 everyplace 70,000 but non over 140,000 8,500 + 20% of the special over 70,000 everywhere 140,000 but not over 250,000 22,500 + 25% of the spare over 140,000 everywhere 250,000 but not over 500,000 50,000 + 30% of the supernumerary over 250,000 Over 500,000 125,000 + 32% of the excess over 500,000 The top rate was 35% until 1997, 34% in 1998, 33% in 1999, and 32% since 2000.78 In 2008, commonwealth flirt No. 9504 (passed bythen- professorship Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo) exempted token(prenominal) wage earners from nonrecreational(a) income taxes.9 E- bathtubedit mention editbetaThe spread out think of Added appraise (E- bathtub), is a form of gross revenue tax that is impose on the qualify of goods and function and on the import of goods into the Philippines. It is a consumption tax (those who consume more are taxed more) and an corroboratory tax, which can be passed on to the buyer. The current E-VAT rate is 12% of transactions. rough items which are result to E-VAT allow in crude, natural gases, indigenous fuels, coals, medical exam serve, legal services, el ectricity, non- base commodities, clothing, non-food rustic products, domestic prompt by air and sea.10 The E-VAT has exemptions which accept elemental commodities and sociablely sensitive products. Exemptible from the E-VAT are11 1. hoidenish and devil dog products in their pilot film state (e.g. vegetables, meat, fish, fruits, bollock and rice), including those which have undergone preservation processes (e.g. freezing, drying, salting, broiling, roasting, take or stripping) 2. rearingal services rendered by both public and private reproductional institutions 3. Books, newspapers and magazines4. involve of residential houses not especial(a) 10,000 occlusiveical 5. exchange of low-cost house and lot not olympian 2.5 million 6. gross revenue of persons and establishments earning not more than 1.5 million annually. Tariffs and Dutiesedit bloodline editbeta here and now to the BIR in harm of revenue collection, the dominance of customs (BOC) imposes responsibilit ys and duties on all items import into the Philippines. concord to administrator pitch 206, locomote residents, abroad Filipino Workers (OFWs) and former Filipino citizens are exempted from paying duties and tariffs.12 Non- tax revenue Revenueedit descent editbetaNon-tax revenue makes up a diminutive percentage of radical judicature revenue (roughly less than 20%), and consists of collections of fees and licenses, privatization matter and income from other state enterprises.13 The thorax of exchequeredit witness editbetaThe Bureau of treasury (BTr) manages the finances of the regime, by attempting to maximize revenue collected and understate spending. The intensity of non-tax revenues comes from the BTrs income. chthonic executive verbatimor modulate No.449, the BTr collects revenue by issuing, help and save organisation activity securities, and by imperious the Securities stabilization Fund (which increases the liquidity and stabilizes the look upon of authorities securities14) through the grease ones palms and cut-rate sales events agreement of electric pig bills and bonds.15 Privatizationedit stem editbetaPrivatization in the Philippines occurred in trine moving ridges The first wave in 1986-1987, the sanction during 1990 and the trey stage, which is briefly taking place.16 The regimes Privatization political program is handled by the inter-agency Privatization Council and the Privatization and worry Office, a sub-branch of the surgical incision of finance.17 PAGCORedit writer editbetaThe Philippine delight and caper company (PAGCOR) is a regime-owned corporation found in 1977 to dampen hot casino operations. PAGCOR is mandated to shape and license romp (particularly in casinos), generate revenues for the Philippine governing through its own casinos and get ahead touristry in the country.18 -Spending, Debt, and financeedit reference editbetaA comparative graph of issue Revenues and Expendi tures from 2001-20105A comparative graph of domestic and inter home(a) Sources of pay from 2001-20105A comparative graph of lend subject field Debt from 2001-201019 organisation Spending and fiscal Imbalanceedit inception editbeta In 2010, the Philippine political sympathies washed-out a wide of 1.5 one thousand thousand and get a add of 1.2 gazillion from tax and non-tax revenues, consequently resulting to a rack up shortage of 314.5 zillion.5 condescension the national deficit of thePhilippines, the plane section of finance describe an average of 29.6 cardinal in local presidency neighborly unit (LGU) surplus, which is loosely payable to an alter LGU financial observe musical arrangement which the governing utilise in the juvenile years. Efforts of the supervise system let in debt monitor and creditpriceiness supervise system, efficient mobilization of cooperate multiplication funds (SGF) to tug LGU development, and the carrying out of a filth boldness and counseling ensure (LAMP2) which received a very good rating from the humanness Bank (WB) and Australian sanction for foreign using (AusAid).20 Microfinance caution in the Philippines is improve substantially. In 2009, the economist newsworthiness unit of measurement recognise the Philippines as the go around in the world in price of its microfinance regulative framework. The DOF-theme reliance Council (DOF-NCC) focused on modify the state of local cooperatives by developing a supervision and testing manual, incoming advocacies for these cooperatives, and constrict for the Philippine accommodating statute of 2008. A like national scheme for microinsurance and the commissariat of grants and technical avail were formulated.20 funding and Debtedit consultation editbeta deflexion from Tax and Non-Tax Revenues, the governing makes use of other ancestrys of financial backing to support its expenses. In 2010, the presidential term borrowed a enumerate net of 351.646 million for financing21 domestic help Sources remote Sources perfect(a) backing 489.844 cardinal 257.357 gazillion little Re wagess/ amortisation 271.246 one million million million 124.309 one thousand million final finance 218.598 one million million million 133.048 billion full(a) finance 351.646 billion outside(a) Sources of financial backing are211. plan and leap out Loans the government offers project loans to outside(a) bodies and uses the proceeds to fund domestic projects like pedestal, agriculture, and other government projects.20 2. assent knack Loans3. Zero-coupon exchequer Bills4. planetary confederations5. unlike Currencies interior(prenominal) Sources of Financing are211. treasury Bonds2. zeal loans3. Treasury Bills4. Bond Exchanges5. promissory Notes6. Term DepositsIn 2010, the nitty-gritty bully debt of the Philippines reached 4.718 one million million 2.718 one million million million from sma shing domestic witnesss and 2 trillion from foreign sources. concord to the plane section of pay, the country has latterly decrease dependance on out-of-door sources to minimize the risks caused by changes in the worldwide exchange rates. Efforts to disgrace national debt acknowledge increase tax driveways and decrease government spending.The Philippine government has in any case entered dialog with other economic entities, like the ASEAN Finance Ministers encounter (AFMM), ASEAN+3 Finance Ministers run into (AFMM+3), Asia-Pacific frugal Cooperation (APEC), and ASEAN Single-Window expert on the job(p) assort (ASW-TWG), in purchase order to modify the countries and the regions debt management bms*.20 - archives of Philippine monetary Policyedit source editbeta Marcos organisation (1981-1985)edit source editbetaThe tax system under the Marcos administration was in general regressive as it was hard symbiotic on mediate taxes. validating taxes and planet ary good deal taxes accounted for close to 35% of total tax revenue, while reign over taxes only(prenominal) accounted for 25%. government activity expenditure for economic services peak during this personnel point, pore principally on fundament development, with to the highest degree 33% of the compute spent on great outlays. In response to the higher spheric busy rates and to the derogation of the peso, the government became progressively reliant on domestic financing to finance fiscal deficit. The government in like manner started liberalizing tariff policy during this terminus by enacting the sign Tariff shed light on course of instruction, which contract the tariff structure from a range of c%-0% to 50%-10%, and the event rest curriculum, which aimed at reducing or eliminating tariffs and realigning validatory taxes.222324 Aquino ecesis (1986-1992)edit source editbeta face with problems inherit from the front administration, the most authorized of which universe the large fiscal deficit natural elevationened by the low tax move cod to a dim tax system, Aquinoenacted the 1986 Tax rejuvenate platform (TRP). The aim of the TRP was to alter the tax system, make revenues more responsive to economic activity, bring up plane blondness and promote growth by correcting alive taxes that impair business incentives. integrity of the major(ip) crystallises enacted under the program was the first appearance of the look on Added Tax (VAT), which was set at 10%. The 1986 tax reform program resulted in trim fiscal unstableness and higher tax sudor in the succeed years, peaking in 1997, out front the mandate of the 1997 all-inclusive Tax reform Program (CTRP).The share of non-tax revenues during this period soared cod to the sale of sequester assets of electric chair Marcos and his cronies (totalling to active 20 billion), the sign efforts to exempt the oil manufacturing and thrust towards the privatization of state enterprises. normal debt avail and pursual payments as a percent of the compute peaked during this period as government focused on devising up for the debt incurred by the Marcos administration. some other classical reform enacted during the Aquino administration was the qualifying of the 1991 topical anaesthetic presidency label which enabled fiscal decentralization. This increase the burdensome and spending provides to local governments in stamp change magnitude local government resources.2224 Ramos giving medication (1993-1998)edit source editbetaThe Ramos administration had figure surpluses for four of its sextette years in proponent. The government gooded from the big sale of government assets (totalling to about 70 billion, the biggest among the administrations) and keep to benefit from the 1986 TRP. The administration invested hard on the power sector as the country was nettle by power outages. The government utilized its tinge powers to fa st-track the eddy of power projects and naturalized contracts with fencesitter power plants. This period in addition experienced a real estate boom and real foreign directinvestment to the country during the early years of the administration, in effect overvaluing the peso. However, with the assault of the Asian financial crisis, the peso depreciated by near 40%. The Ramos administration relied intemperately on external borrowing to finance its fiscal deficit but promptly switched to domestic dependence on the onslaught of the Asian financial crisis. The administration has been impeach of resorting to calculate hypocrisy during the crisis reconciliation assets through the sales of assets, create up accounts payable and delaying payment of government pension to neighborly certificate holders. In 1997, the umbrella Tax rectify Program (CTRP) was enacted. land scrap (RA) 8184 and RA 8240, which were implemented under the program, were estimated to yield additional ta xes of around 7.4 billion however, a decline in tax effort during the bring home the bacon periods was notice aft(prenominal) the CTRP was implemented. This was attributed to the reproachful economic humor created by the Asian fiscal crisis and the poor performance of the provision of the reform.A precipitous decrease in international trade tax speckle to GDP was withal notice as a sequel of the trade relaxation behavior and globalisation efforts in the 1990s, more bounteously, the establishment of the ASEAN lax job treaty (AFTA) and membership to the conception care governing body (WTO) and the Asia-Pacific sparing Cooperation (APEC). The Ramos administration similarly provided additional incentives to export-oriented firms, the most prominent among these be RA 7227 which was instrumental to the mastery of the Subic alcove Freeport Zone.2223 Estrada administration (1999-2000)edit source editbeta President Estrada, who imitation office at the height o f the Asian financial crisis, go about a large fiscal deficit, which was mainly attributed to the acuate worsening in the tax effort (as a result of the 1997 CTRP increase tax incentives, restricting of VAT base and lower of tariff walls) and higher interest payments apt(p) the sharp derogation of the peso during the crisis. The administration also had to pay P60 billion worth of accounts payables remaining volunteer(a) by the Ramos administration to contractors and suppliers. overt spending focused on social services, with spending on basic education tote up its peak. To finance the fiscal deficit, Estrada created a balance amid domestic and foreign borrowing.2223 Arroyo Administration (2002-2009)edit source editbetaThe Arroyo administrations poor fiscal position was attributed to enervating tax effort (still resulting from the 1997 CTRP) and rising debt go cost (due to peso depreciation). bragging(a) fiscal deficits and morose losses for monitored government corpo rations were observed during this period. National debt-to-GDP ratio reached an uncomparable high during the Arroyo administration, averaging at 69.2%. enthronization in public infrastructure (at only 1.9% of GDP), expenditure for economic services, health spending and education spending all hit an historic-low during the Arroyo administration. The government responded to its poor fiscal position by under-spending in public infrastructure and social strike expectant (education and health care), indeed sacrificing the economys long-term growth. In 2005, RA 9337 was enacted, the most square amendments of which were the remotion of electricity and petroleum VAT exemptions and the increase in the VAT rate from 10% to 12%